Forest Fire Detection System using ESP32

Forest fires are devastating and can spread rapidly if not detected early.
This project builds an IoT-based forest fire detection system using ESP32 with multiple sensors to detect smoke, temperature spikes, and gas emissions, enabling real-time alerts.

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Hardware Requirements

• ESP32 Development Board
• MQ-2 / MQ-135 Gas Sensor (smoke detection)
• DHT22 or BME280 (temperature & humidity)
• Flame Sensor (optional, for visible fire detection)
• Buzzer or Relay Module (for local alarm)
• Wi-Fi connection for remote alert
• Jumper wires, breadboard, USB cable

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Working Principle

1. Smoke Detection:

   • MQ-2 or MQ-135 sensors detect smoke particles and dangerous gases.

2. Temperature & Humidity Monitoring:

   • Rapid rise in temperature or very low humidity can indicate fire conditions.

3. Flame Detection (Optional):

   • Infrared flame sensors detect visible fire within line-of-sight.

4. Alert System:

   • ESP32 processes sensor readings.
   • If values exceed thresholds, it triggers:
     • Local buzzer/alarm
     • Wi-Fi notification to server, app, or SMS via cloud service

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Arduino Code Example

#include <WiFi.h>
#include <DHT.h>

#define DHTPIN 15
#define DHTTYPE DHT22
#define MQ2_PIN 34
#define BUZZER_PIN 23

const char* ssid = "Your_SSID";
const char* password = "Your_PASSWORD";

DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  dht.begin();
  pinMode(MQ2_PIN, INPUT);
  pinMode(BUZZER_PIN, OUTPUT);

  WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
  Serial.print("Connecting to Wi-Fi");
  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
    delay(500);
    Serial.print(".");
  }
  Serial.println("\nWi-Fi connected!");
}

void loop() {
  // Read sensors
  float temp = dht.readTemperature();
  float hum = dht.readHumidity();
  int smoke = analogRead(MQ2_PIN);

  Serial.printf("Temp: %.2f °C, Humidity: %.2f %%, Smoke: %d\n", temp, hum, smoke);

  // Simple threshold logic
  if (smoke > 400 || temp > 50) {
    Serial.println("⚠️ Fire Detected!");
    digitalWrite(BUZZER_PIN, HIGH);

    // Optional: send notification via HTTP, MQTT, or cloud service
    // sendAlert(temp, hum, smoke);
  } else {
    digitalWrite(BUZZER_PIN, LOW);
  }

  delay(2000);
}

How to Use

Connect DHT22, MQ-2, and buzzer to ESP32 pins as per code.

Upload the code to ESP32 and open Serial Monitor.